When U.S. troops marched through the cobbled streets of San Juan on October 18, 1898, the red and gold flag of Spain was lowered for the last time over the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico. In its place rose the Stars and Stripes, signifying…
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On October 17, 1907, the world awoke to a quieter revolution—one not of engines or empires, but of invisible waves crossing the Atlantic. That day, Guglielmo Marconi’s transatlantic wireless telegraph service officially began operations, linking Clifden, Ireland, with Glace Bay, Nova Scotia. For the…
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On October 16, 1962, President John F. Kennedy received the news that would bring the world closer to nuclear war than ever before. Two days earlier, on October 14, an American U-2 reconnaissance plane flying over western Cuba had captured a series of high-resolution…
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On October 16, 1946, ten senior Nazi officials, convicted by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, were executed by hanging. These executions marked the culmination of the Nuremberg Trials, which ran from November 1945 to October 1946 and aimed to hold leading figures of…
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In the autumn of 1529, the fate of Christian Europe hung precariously over the walls of Vienna. For nearly a month, the Ottoman army—commanded by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, ruler of a vast empire stretching from the gates of Persia to the Balkans—besieged the…
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By the autumn of 1322, the long and bitter war between England and Scotland reached a decisive turning point. King Edward II, whose disastrous leadership had already been exposed in his defeat at Bannockburn eight years earlier, faced a resurgent Robert the Bruce determined…
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workmen laid the cornerstone of the United States Executive Mansion—an act marking the symbolic birth of what would later become known as the White House. The event unfolded amid the fields and forests of a fledgling federal city that existed mostly on paper, a…
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On October 12, 539 BC, one of the most dramatic and consequential events in ancient history unfolded: the fall of Babylon to the army of Cyrus the Great, king of Persia. The conquest did not merely mark the end of the Neo-Babylonian Empire—it signaled…
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On October 12, 1828, the suffering at Boston’s Children’s Hospital got a breath of fresh air by deploying the iron lung for the first time. In the annals of medical history, one invention stands as a testament to human ingenuity, a life-saving marvel known…
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On October 11, 1865, hundreds of Black men and women gathered in the coastal town of Morant Bay, Jamaica, to protest against the deep injustices that had come to define post-emancipation colonial life. Their march—disciplined, defiant, and desperate—would ignite one of the most consequential…
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