Hopes for peace were dashed on July 21, 1861. The First Battle of Bull Run shattered the naive expectations of a quick and bloodless Civil War. The battle underscored the harsh reality that the war would be neither swift nor easy, setting the stage…
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The world was watching their television sets all at the same time on July 20, 1960. A man was standing on the Moon. The Apollo 11 mission was the culmination of a decade-long space race between the United States and the Soviet Union. After…
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On July 20, 1903, automotive history was made when Chicago dentist Ernst Pfenning received a new car. For $850, he purchased a two-cylinder Model A automobile from a newly-formed Ford Motor Company. Produced at Ford’s plant on Mack Street in Detroit, the vehicle had…
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The Chappaquiddick incident, a tragic and controversial event in American political history, occurred on the night of July 18, 1969, on Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts. This incident involved Senator Edward “Ted” Kennedy, the youngest brother of President John F. Kennedy and Senator Robert F. Kennedy,…
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On July 17, 1945, the three leaders of the Allies met in Potsdam, Germany, to discuss the post-war landscape, especially in Europe and Germany. Gathered around the table were three powerful leaders: Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and newly inaugurated…
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The Trinity Test, conducted on July 16, 1945, marked a pivotal moment in history as the world’s first detonation of a nuclear weapon. This event was a culmination of intense scientific and military efforts under the Manhattan Project, which aimed to develop an atomic…
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The “Malaise Speech,” officially known as President Jimmy Carter’s “Crisis of Confidence” address, delivered on July 15, 1979, stands as one of the most notable and controversial orations in American political history. This speech encapsulates a pivotal moment in Carter’s presidency and offers a…
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On July 15, 1799, during Napoleon Bonaparte’s military campaign in Egypt, a French soldier stumbled across a huge black stone with ancient writing near the town of Rosetta, about 35 miles east of Alexandria. Made of black basalt with the writing of an ancient…
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The Alien and Sedition Acts were a series of four laws passed by the Federalist-dominated 5th United States Congress and signed into law by President John Adams on July 14, 1798. These laws were ostensibly enacted in response to the perceived threat of French…
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The New York Draft Riots of 1863 were among the most violent and destructive events in the history of New York City. They occurred from July 13 to July 16, 1863, during a time of immense social, economic, and political turmoil in the United…
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