On June 30, 1688, seven English noblemen—two earls, a viscount, a bishop, and three barons—sent a covert letter to William of Orange, inviting him to intervene militarily in England and promising their support in overthrowing King James II. Known to history as the “Immortal…
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On August 31, 1538, Pope Paul III issued the papal bull Eius qui immobilis, formally excommunicating King Henry VIII of England. This act marked a critical juncture in the escalating conflict between the English monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church, signifying the profound and…
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