The Congress of Vienna, whose Final Act was signed on June 9, 1815, did not merely redraw borders—it sought to rewind the age. In the waning shadow of Napoleon’s first fall and on the eve of his improbable return, Europe’s old monarchies assembled not…
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On February 26, 1815, Napoleon escaped from Elba with a small group of loyal followers, landing on the French coast. His charisma and reputation quickly rallied support from both civilians and military units. As he marched towards Paris, his comeback became known as the…
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