On March 3, 1861, amid the brittle stillness of a winter-bound empire, Alexander II signed the Emancipation Manifesto and, with a flourish of imperial ink, detonated one of the oldest social arrangements in Europe. More than 20 million serfs—peasants legally bound to noble estates—were…
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On February 1, 1865, Abraham Lincoln affixed his signature to the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, completing the final executive step in abolishing slavery throughout the nation. The act itself—quiet, procedural, and almost anticlimactic—belied the enormity of its meaning. With a few…
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On September 3, 1838, a twenty-year-old enslaved man named Frederick Bailey (later Frederick Douglass) made his bid for freedom. His escape from bondage, carried out with quiet audacity on the railroads and waterways of the Mid-Atlantic, would alter not only the course of his…
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