May 23, 1430: Joan of Arc Is Betrayed

On May 23, 1430, amid the brutal and grinding wars that had ravaged France for nearly a century, the woman who had once turned the tide of battle at Orléans found herself surrounded, outnumbered, and—most damning of all—abandoned. Joan of Arc, the teenage peasant-turned-warrior…

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March 10, 1762: Voltaire Says Enough Is Enough

Jean Calas, a French Huguenot merchant from Toulouse, became the focal point of one of the most notorious miscarriages of justice in 18th-century France. His trial and execution, driven by religious intolerance and judicial brutality, ignited widespread outrage and became a pivotal case for…

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