On December 23, 1688, James II of England fled England for France, bringing to a close one of the most decisive constitutional crises in English history. His flight—effectively an abdication—marked the culmination of the Glorious Revolution, a political upheaval that replaced a reigning monarch…
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On June 30, 1688, seven English noblemen—two earls, a viscount, a bishop, and three barons—sent a covert letter to William of Orange, inviting him to intervene militarily in England and promising their support in overthrowing King James II. Known to history as the “Immortal…
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