The Root and Branch Petition, presented to the Long Parliament on December 11, 1640, stands as one of the most provocative and destabilizing petitions of the English Reformation era. Signed by an estimated 15,000 Londoners—an extraordinary number for the period—it demanded nothing less than…
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On August 22, 1642, King Charles I, beleaguered and defiant, stood before his dwindling court and supporters on the windswept hill at Nottingham. That day, he ordered his royal standard raised—a symbolic gesture that declared open war upon his own Parliament. Though the flag…
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