On April 14, 43 BC, Roman legions loyal to the Senate clashed with the forces of Mark Antony in a pivotal engagement near the northern Italian village of Forum Gallorum. The battle was not merely a contest of arms—it was a violent reckoning in…
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The Battle of Actium, fought on September 2, 31 BC, was a decisive naval confrontation that marked the culmination of the power struggle between Octavian (later Augustus, the first Roman Emperor) and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt. This…
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