On December 16, 1653, Oliver Cromwell formally assumed the title of Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, marking the beginning of the English Protectorate and one of the most paradoxical chapters in British constitutional history. Less than four years after…
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In 1657, the Second Protectorate Parliament—part of what had once been the Long Parliament—made Oliver Cromwell a surprising and controversial offer: the crown of England. This proposal, known as the Humble Petition and Advice, was formally presented to Cromwell on March 31. It represented…
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In January 1649, England went through a radical upheaval. Charles I, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, faced execution after a tumultuous period of civil war and political upheaval. His authoritarian rule, clashes with Parliament, and attempts to impose Anglican worship across his kingdoms…
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