In the uneasy interregnum between Nazi defeat and Soviet ascendance, as Europe’s cities lay in ruins and the ashes of fascist ambition still smoldered, the United States made a decision as consequential as it was morally fraught. On June 20, 1945, the Department of…
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On June 14, 1949, a rhesus monkey named Albert II made history by becoming the first mammal—and the first monkey—to travel into space. Strapped into the nose cone of a repurposed German V-2 rocket, Albert II reached an altitude of 83 miles (134 kilometers),…
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