The execution of Tsar Nicholas II on July 17, 1918, changed the course of history, symbolizing the definitive end of the Romanov dynasty and the old imperial order in Russia and ushering in the Soviet Union. The event, shrouded in mystery and controversy, occurred…
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On July 16, 1054, Christendom split in two. On that day, National Geographic explains, “Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Cerularius was excommunicated from the Christian church based in Rome, Italy. Cerularius’s excommunication was a breaking point in long-rising tensions between the Roman church based in Rome…
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The Alien and Sedition Acts were a series of four laws passed by the Federalist-dominated 5th United States Congress and signed into law by President John Adams on July 14, 1798. These laws were ostensibly enacted in response to the perceived threat of French…
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On July 14, 1789, during the early stages of the French Revolution, a state prison on the east side of Paris, the Bastille, was attacked by an angry and aggressive mob. The event marked a turning point in the history of France. The British…
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The New York Draft Riots of 1863 were among the most violent and destructive events in the history of New York City. They occurred from July 13 to July 16, 1863, during a time of immense social, economic, and political turmoil in the United…
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The most famous duel in American history took place on July 11, 1804. This duel was the culmination of a long-standing and bitter rivalry between Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Treasury, and Aaron Burr, the then-sitting Vice President of the United States.…
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On July 10, 1991, Boris Yeltsin became the first President of the Russian Federation, a historic moment marking a significant shift in Russian politics. This event came at a time of profound transformation for Russia, as it transitioned from a Soviet republic to a…
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The “Cross of Gold” speech, delivered by William Jennings Bryan on July 9, 1896, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, remains one of the most renowned orations in American history. The speech catapulted Bryan to national prominence and secured his nomination as the…
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On a warm summer day in 1775, as the tension between the American colonies and Great Britain simmered, the Second Continental Congress convened in the Pennsylvania State House. Inside, the air was thick with the weight of recent battles at Lexington and Concord, and…
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The late 1790s marked a turning point in American foreign policy, and nothing tested the fledgling country more than the XYZ Affair. Rooted in a failed negotiation with France, the incident triggered a series of events that dramatically altered the course of the French…
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